Principles: C4D RME Framework Summary

The C4D Evaluation Framework

The C4D Evaluation Framework was developed to reflect the needs and values of Communication for Development. The Framework is made up of seven interconnected principles. These principles guide our choices about R,M&E.

The C4D Evaluation Framework used in this Resource Hub is adapted from the framework published by Lennie and Tacchi (2013).

C4D Evaluation Framework diagram

Explore the links to each of the principles below to find:

  • An overview of the principle
  • Advice on applying the principle
  • Commonly experienced challenges and strategies for overcoming
  • Links to practical resources, toolkits and guides for applying the principle

The Evaluating C4D Resource Hub draws heavily on the following book: Lennie, J. & Tacchi, J. (2013) Evaluating Communication for Development: A Framework for Social Change. Earthscan/Routledge: London

In this section

  • C4D: Participatory

    Inclusion; dialogue; partnership; human rights-based

    Participation is a central principle for C4D, and therefore should be incorporated in the R,M&E of C4D. Participatory R,M&E is undertaken in partnership with children and adolescents, co

  • C4D: Holistic

    Context; systemic; boundaries; inter-connections

    Taking a holistic approach means considering the systems, structures and contexts within which people operate.

  • C4D: Complexity

    Emergent; unpredictable; contradictions; self-organisation

    The principle of complexity draws our attention to the multiple and changing ‘interconnections’ and ‘inter-relationships’ in C4D initiatives.

  • C4D: Critical

    Power; difference; equity; multiple perspectives

    Including different perspectives highlights the critical importance of paying attention to power.

  • C4D: Accountable

    Transparent; rigour; multiple; quality

    Accountability means demonstrating results communities, partners, funders and policy makers. R,M&E that is rigorous, transparent and relevant will produce evidence for accountability.

  • C4D: Realistic

    Pragmatic; mixed-methods; grounded; flexible

    To be most effective, R,M&E approaches and methods need to be grounded in local realities.

  • C4D: Learning-based

    Action-learning; adaptive; capacity development; critical reflection

    In a learning-based approach RM&E is integrated into the whole programme cycle and involves all staff and stakeholders.

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