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  • Fishbone diagram (cause and effect diagram)

    This short guide describes the process of using a fishbone diagram to help uncover and visualise stakeholder perceptions of the root causes of a problem. It is often used in conjunction with the 'Five Whys' technique.
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  • Contemporary thinking about causation in evaluation

    This paper was produced following a discussion between Thomas Cook and Michael Scriven held at The Evaluation Center and Western Michigan University’s Interdisciplinary PhD in Evaluation program jointly hosted Evaluation Cafe´ event on
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  • The Five Whys Technique

    This paper from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) outlines the process of using the Five Whys technique as an effective approach to problem solving.
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  • The environment and disease: Association or causation?

    In this original article from 1965, Sir Austin Bradford Hill, Professor Emeritus of Medical Statistics, lays out what will ultimately come to be known as the Bradford Hill criteria.
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  • Toonlet

    This web-based application makes it possible to draw cartoons, by creating characters and then placing them into the panels of a cartoon with appropriate text.
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  • Five Whys

    The Five Whys is an easy question asking option that examines the cause-and-effect relationships that underly problems.
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  • Cartoons

    Cartoon images can be used by evaluators to an understanding of program impact, scenes of program implementation, main findings or issues.
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